BOTANY
SchemeThree Papers Min. Pass Marks : 54 Max. Marks : 150
Paper I 3 Hours Duration 50 Marks
Paper II 3 Hours Duration 50 Marks
Paper III 3 Hours Duration 50 Marks
Practical : 5 Hrs. Duration, Min. Pass Marks : 27, Max. Marks : 75
PAPER 1 – TAXONOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY
OF ANGIOSPERMS
Unit-I
Herbarium
technique. Important herbaria and Botanical gardens of India.
Principles of classification. Basic evolutionary tendencies in flowering
plants. Nomenclature of Angiosperms. System of classification of
Bentham and Hooker, Flora and Icones.
Unit-II
Range
of vegetative and floral characteristics and economic importance of
Ranunculaceae, Rutaceae, Leguminosae ( Fabaceae ) Cucurbitaceae,
Apiaceae ( Umbilliferae ) and Asteraceae (Compositae).
Unit-Ill
Range
of vegetative and floral characteristics and economic importance of
Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Solanaceae, Lamiaceae (Labiatae),
Euphorbiaceae, Liliaceae and Poaceae (Gramineae).
Unit-IV
Structure
of anther and pistil. Microsporogenesis- Structure and germination of
pollen-grains. Megasporogenesis- types of ovules. Development and types
of embryo-sacs (mono, bi and tetrasporic embryo sacs), Pollen pistil
interaction and self incompatibility, Fertilization.
Unit-V
Endosperm-
Structure, types and development. Types of endosperm haustoria, nature
of endosperm. Types of embryogeny. Seed structure and types. Apomixis,
polyembryony and parthenogenesis. Experimental embryology- culture of
anther and embryo.
PAPER-II ANATOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND ECONOMIC BOTANY
Unit-I
Meristems
and various theories related to organization of apical meristems (root
and stem). Simple and complex permanent tissues and their functions,
secretory tissues, tissue systems.
Unit-II
Primary
internal structure of root ,stem and leaves. Structure of leaf
epidemis, trichomes and stomata, origin of lateral roots. Periderm,
commercial cork and abscission of leaves.
Unit-Ill
Secondary
growth in dicot root and stem. Primary anomalous internal structure
& secondary anomalous growth in roots and stems.
Unit-IV
Origin,
cultivation and improvement of Wheat, Rice, Maize, Potato and
Sugarcane, Study of economic botany of following group of plants.- Fibre
yielding- Cotton, Jute Oil yielding- Groundnut, Mustard, Sunflower and
Coconut. Timber yielding- Tectona, Dalbergia, Tecomella.
Unit-V
General
account and economic importance of following group of plantsMedicinal
plants with special reference to- Cinchona, Rauvolfia, Papaver, Withania
and Aloe Spices and condiments with special reference to-Red pepper,
Clove, Coriander, Zinger, Heeng, Turmeric Beverages-Tea, Coffee.General account of Rubber plants. Ethnobotany: Definition and importance.
PAPER-III CYTOGENETICS, PLANT BREEDING, EVOLUTION AND BIOSTATISTICS
Unit-I
Concept
of cell and cell theory.Structure, composition and function of cell
wall and cell membrane. Types, structure and functions of cell
organelles. Cell divisions.
Unit-II
Mendel's
laws of inheritance. Monohybrid and dihybrid ratio. In-complete
dominance, lethal genes, epistasis. Physical and chemical structure of
chromosome , types of chromosomes (polytene,lampbrush and
supernumerary),chromosomal mutations.
Unit-Ill
Structure
and functions of nucleic acids. Types of RNA and DNA. Replication of
DNA. Evidences of DNA as genetic material. complex, crossing over,
chiasma, linkage and mapping of genes.
Unit-IV
Principles
of Plant breeding. Methods of breeding; Introduction and
acclimatisation, selection (mass, pureline and clonal), hybridization,
pedigree analysis, hybrid vigour, use of mutation and polyploidy in
breeding.
Unit-V
Lamarckism
and neo-Lamarckism. Darwinism and neo-Darwinism. De Vries concept,
origin of species, Elementay study of biostatistics- mean, mode, median,
standard error, chi-spuare test, standard deviation.
PRACTICALS
Time: 5 Hrs. Max Marks: 75 Min Pass Marks: 27
Note: The practical exercises have been divided into following two groups.
Group-1: Taxonomy, Embryology and Economic Botany.
Group-11: Anatomy and Cytogentics etc.
GROUP I : TAXONOMY
1. Ranunculaceae : Ranunculus, Delphinium2. Leguminosae : Albizia, Cassia, Lathyrus
3. Cucurbitaceae : Citrullus, Cucumis
4. Apiaceae : Coriandrum, Foeniculum
5. Asteraceae : Helianthus, Tagetes
6. Apocynaceae : Catharanthus, Nerium
7. Aselepiadaceae : Calotropis, Laptadenia
8. Solanceae : Datura, Solanum
9. Lamiaceae : Ocimum, Salvia
10. Euphorbiaceae : Ricinus, Euphorbia
11. Lilliaceae : Asphodelus, Aloe
12. Poaceae : Triticum
(Locally available plants be substituted, if necessary)
EMBRYOLOGY : Slides/Speciments.
Placentation : Axile, free central, parietal, marginal and basal.
Ovules : Anatropus, and Orthotropus
Ovary : Different types.
T.S. anther, L.S. mature seed, pollinium whole mount.
Inflorescence : Cyathium, Hypanthodium, Capitulum, Vertecellaster
and Umbel.
ECONOMIC BOTANY:
Drugs : Cinchona, Rauvolfia, Papaver, Withania, Aloe.
Fibres: Cotton, Sunnhemp
Oil Seeds: Groundnut, Mustard, Sunflower
Timber: Heartwood, sap-wood, annual rings.
Spices & condiments: Red pepper, Clove, Corianderum, Zinger,
Turmeric and Heeng .
Beverages: Tea, Cofee.
GROUP II: ANATOMY AND CYTOGENETICS ETC.
Anatomy : Stem: Borehaavia, Achyranthes, Bignonia, Bougainvillea.
Laptadenia, Nyctanthes, Salvadora, Casuarina. Dracaena.
Root : Hygroscopic roots of Orchids, Assimilatory roots of Tinospora,
Prop roots of Ficus.
Leaf : Nerium, Ficus, Maize, epidermal studies. Types of stomata.
Cytology : Smear preparation of root tips, floral buds of onion for
different stages of cell division
Plant breeding : Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. Emasculation.
Marking Scheme
There shall be a practical examination of five hours duration and the
distribution of marks shall be as follows -
Student Reg. & N.C. Ex.
1. Meterial for anatomical study with 11 12
(i) double stained T.S. preparation
(ii) Labelled cellular sector diagram
(iii) indentification with characters
(iv) special anatomical/ecologicalcharacters
2. Description in semitechnical language of given 11 12
flower with:
(i) diagrams (ii) description (iii) indentification
and systematic position with characters
(iv) F.F. & F.D
3. Economic Botany 6 8
(Two specimen)
4. Embryology 3 4
5. Smear preparation: two stages of cell division 10 10
6. Emasculation technipue 2 3
7. Exercise on breeding 4 6
'8. Spots 5 (one each from Anatomy, Taxonomy 10 10
Economic Botany, Embryology, Cytology)
9. Viva-voce 8 10
10. Records and hrbarirum 10 -
Total 75 75
Reference Books-
1. Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Embryology - Gena, Verma and
Chaudhary, Alka Publ. Ajmer.
2. Anatomy of Angiosperms and Economic Botany-Gena, Verma and
Chaudhary, Alka Publ., Ajmer.
3. Cytology, Genetics, Plant Breeding, Evolution and Biostatics- Gena,
Verma and Chaudhary, Alka Publications, Ajmer.
4. A text book of Botany - Singh, Pandey and Jain, Rastogi
Publications, Meerut.
5. Cytology, Genetics, Biotechnology and Biostatistics -P.K.Gupta,
Rastogi Publications, Meerut.
6. Practical Botany - Bendre and Kumar, Rastogi Publication, Meerut
7. Practical Botany- Trivedi, Sharma, Sharma and Dhankhad, RBD
Publications, Jaipur
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