Biotic Factor

Biotic Factor

In the biological component, the living world is incorporated. There are various interactions in organisms. As a result, the lives of organisms are mutually affected. The abiotic component also affects organisms. Different organisms live together in all areas of the earth and affect each other's lives directly or indirectly. Various reactions of life, such as growth, nutrition, genetics etc., interactions between the members of the same caste or between members of different castes. Pollination, fruit, scattering, grazing in pasture, parasitism and symbiosis are an example of interactive interactions. At present, humans have the greatest effect on the flora and fauna.

In nature, mutual dependence is found between the creatures, the middle of the plants and the plants and the creatures. This reciprocal relationship between organisms can be profitable for both, or both, harmful or beneficial for either of the two, neither harmful to one or beneficial or harmful to one and the other can be ineffective against profit and loss.

Odum, 1971 classified all the relations found in the symbiotic of the organisms in two categories -

(1) Positive interactions (2) Negative interactions

(1) Positive Reaction

In these actions, the mutual relations of the members, giving the population of the living tribes together, benefit each other. This mutual benefit may be in the context of food, shelter, base or Support etc. Such relationships can be permanent or mandatory or optional.

(I) Mutualism  : - This can be mutually beneficial inter- verbal interactions. These are often found in tropical areas. In such companionship, intimate continuous and mandatory contact remains intact. In the absence of this contact, it is not possible for both of them to survive. Both populations have some kind of physical exchange. Some examples of co-operation are the following:

(A) Animal pollination  : - On bees, moths, butterflies etc. flowers go to receive their food and also pollinate by them.

(B) Fruit and seed scattering  : - Normally fruits and seeds are dispersed by beings. Fruits and seeds brought by birds and breasts are exposed to their beats, manganese and dung, and they are dispersed far and wide.

( C) Lichens  : - This intimate is a stupendous example of permanent and undesirable companionship. The plant body cover of lichens is made of fungus and is surrounded by fungal traps and algae cells embedded in the net. Fungus provides moisture and soluble mineral salts to algae, from which algae consolidates food which is also available to the fungus. Fungi and algae forming the lichen body are unable to independently live life.

(D) Symbiotic Nitrogen fixer  : - This is also an appropriate example of co-operation. In the roots of legume plants, bacterial rhizobium increases the number and grows in the roots, the glands formed in the root. They feed their nutrition with legume plants and convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate compounds, make the legume available.

(E) Mycorhhiza : - In some plants, there is a deep mound of fungus in the root or at the top of the root. In the Pine, oak, hickory etc. ectotrophic and lalmapel, orchid and ericaceae get intercultured fungicides. 

The fungal trap in the ectotrophic fungus root, replacing the root chests of the root apical , absorbs the mineral and water - the work of the root apical- to the plant.

Intracellular fungal origins are found in the original tissue. Often fungal roots are found in plants which grow in acidic soils.

(F) Zoochlorelle and Zooxanthelle : - In sponges, coelentrate, mollusca and worms, in the external tissues, the unicellular zoochlorelle is symbiotic. Similarly, in these animals, the flagellate creatures in the outer tissues- Zooxanthelle symbiotic are found. Photosynthetic zoochlorelli provide nitrogenic compounds to heterotrophs and algae used in the metabolism of heterotrophic and freezing substances. In another example, the unicellular algae, Chlorella vulgaris, Hydra is a symbiotic in gastrodermal cells of the animal. Algae gives oxygen and food to Hydra by photosynthesis. Hydra provides nitrogen-nitrogen waste and CO2 for the nutrition of algae.